Saquinavir (Invirase)

All References

• Acosta EP, Bardeguez A, Zorrilla CD, et al. Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir plus low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:430-6.
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• Ananworanich J, Kosalaraksa P, Hill A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and 24-week efficacy/safety of dual boosted saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in nucleoside-pretreated children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:874-9.
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• Boffito M, Jackson A, Pozniak A, et al. Effect of a modified saquinavir/ritonavir dosing regimen with lower dose lead-in phase on QTc interval, pharmacokinetics, antiviral activity and safety in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. Drugs R D. 2015;15:141-53.
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• Boffito M, Maitland D, Dickinson L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir and atazanavir when combined once daily in HIV Type 1-infected individuals administered different atazanavir doses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006;22:749-56.
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• Bunupuradah T, van der Lugt J, Kosalaraksa P, et al. Safety and efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor combination, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, in pretreated children at 96 weeks. Antivir Ther. 2009;14:241-8.
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• Cameron DW, Japour AJ, Xu Y, et al. Ritonavir and saquinavir combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. AIDS. 1999;13:213-24.
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• Cohen Stuart JW, Schuurman R, Burger DM, et al. Randomized trial comparing saquinavir soft gelatin capsules versus indinavir as part of triple therapy (CHEESE study). AIDS. 1999;13:F53-8.
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• Collier AC, Coombs RW, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1011-7.
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• Corbett AH, Eron JJ, Fiscus SA, Rezk NL, Kashuba AD. The pharmacokinetics, safety, and initial virologic response of a triple-protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing amprenavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:921-8.
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• Dragsted UB, Gerstoft J, Youle M, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate lopinavir/ritonavir versus saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: the MaxCmin2 trial. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:735-43.
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• Fletcher CV, Jiang H, Brundage RC, et al. Sex-based differences in saquinavir pharmacology and virologic response in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 359. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1176-84.
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• Fletcher CV, Testa MA, Brundage RC, et al. Four measures of antiretroviral medication adherence and virologic response in AIDS clinical trials group study 359. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40:301-6.
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• Fröhlich M, Burhenne J, Martin-Facklam M, et al. Oral contraception does not alter single dose saquinavir pharmacokinetics in women. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:244-52.
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• Gulick RM, Hu XJ, Fiscus SA, et al. Durability of response to treatment among antiretroviral-experienced subjects: 48-week results from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 359. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:626-33.
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• Gulick RM, Hu XJ, Fiscus SA, et al. Randomized study of saquinavir with ritonavir or nelfinavir together with delavirdine, adefovir, or both in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with virologic failure on indinavir: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 359. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:1375-84.
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• Haas DW, Zala C, Schrader S, et al. Therapy with atazanavir plus saquinavir in patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized comparative pilot trial. AIDS. 2003;17:1339-49.
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• Hellinger J, Cohen C, Morris A, et al. Pilot study of saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily in protease inhibitor-naive HIV-positive patients. HIV Clin Trials. 2005;6:107-17.
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• Hoffmann F, Notheis G, Wintergerst U, Eberle J, Gürtler L, Belohradsky BH. Comparison of ritonavir plus saquinavir- and nelfinavir plus saquinavir-containing regimens as salvage therapy in children with human immunodeficiency type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:47-51.
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• Jamois C, Smith P, Morrison R, et al. Effect of saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg bid) on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in opiate-dependent HIV-negative patients on stable methadone maintenance therapy. Addict Biol. 2009;14:321-7.
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• Johnson M, Grinsztejn B, Rodriguez C, et al. Atazanavir plus ritonavir or saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in patients experiencing multiple virological failures. AIDS. 2005;19:685-94.
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• Kirk O, Katzenstein TL, Gerstoft J, et al. Combination therapy containing ritonavir plus saquinavir has superior short-term antiretroviral efficacy: a randomized trial. AIDS. 1999;13:F9-16.
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• Kitchen VS, Skinner C, Ariyoshi K, et al. Safety and activity of saquinavir in HIV infection. Lancet. 1995;345:952-5.
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• Kosalaraksa P, Bunupuradah T, Engchanil C, et al. Double boosted protease inhibitors, saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir, in nucleoside pretreated children at 48 weeks. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:623-8.
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• la Porte CJ. Saquinavir, the pioneer antiretroviral protease inhibitor. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009;5:1313-22.
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• Moyle GJ, Buss NE, Goggin T, Snell P, Higgs C, Hawkins DA. Interaction between saquinavir soft-gel and rifabutin in patients infected with HIV. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;54:178-82.
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• Muirhead GJ, Wulff MB, Fielding A, Kleinermans D, Buss N. Pharmacokinetic interactions between sildenafil and saquinavir/ritonavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;50:99-107.
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• O'Brien WA 3rd. Saquinavir/Ritonavir: its evolution and current treatment role. AIDS Read. 2006;16:38-44.
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• Para MF, Glidden DV, Coombs RW, et al. Baseline human immunodeficiency virus type 1 phenotype, genotype, and RNA response after switching from long-term hard-capsule saquinavir to indinavir or soft-gel-capsule saquinavir in AIDS clinical trials group protocol 333. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:733-43.
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• Patricia E, Domingo P, Gutierrez M, et al. Saquinavir/ritonavir monotherapy as a new nucleoside-sparing maintenance strategy in long-term virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res. 2010;8:467-70.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Piketty C, Race E, Castiel P, et al. Efficacy of a five-drug combination including ritonavir, saquinavir and efavirenz in patients who failed on a conventional triple-drug regimen: phenotypic resistance to protease inhibitors predicts outcome of therapy. AIDS. 1999;13:F71-7.
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• Plosker GL, Scott LJ. Saquinavir: a review of its use in boosted regimens for treating HIV infection. Drugs. 2003;63:1299-324.
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• Revicki DA, Swartz C, Wu AW, Haubrich R, Collier AC. Quality of life outcomes of saquinavir, zalcitabine and combination saquinavir plus zalcitabine therapy for adults with advanced HIV infection with CD4 counts between 50 and 300 cells/mm³. Antivir Ther. 1999;4:35-44.
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• Robbins BL, Capparelli EV, Chadwick EG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose lopinavir-ritonavir with and without saquinavir or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric and adolescent patients previously treated with protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3276-83.
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• Schapiro JM, Lawrence J, Speck R, et al. Resistance mutations to zidovudine and saquinavir in patients receiving zidovudine plus saquinavir or zidovudine and zalcitabine plus saquinavir in AIDS clinical trials group 229. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:249-53.
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• Sevin AD, DeGruttola V, Nijhuis M, et al. Methods for investigation of the relationship between drug-susceptibility phenotype and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotype with applications to AIDS clinical trials group 333. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:59-67.
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• Singh K, Dickinson L, Chaikan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of saquinavir/ritonavir and omeprazole in HIV-infected subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83:867-72.
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• Staszewski S, Babacan E, Stephan C, et al. The LOPSAQ study: 48 week analysis of a boosted double protease inhibitor regimen containing lopinavir/ritonavir plus saquinavir without additional antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:1024-30.
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• Swanstrom R, Bosch RJ, Katzenstein D, et al. Weighted phenotypic susceptibility scores are predictive of the HIV-1 RNA response in protease inhibitor-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:886-93.
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• Tebas P, Patick AK, Kane EM, et al. Virologic responses to a ritonavir-saquinavir-containing regimen in patients who had previously failed nelfinavir. AIDS. 1999;13:F23-8.
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• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Invirase (saquinavir) and possible association with abnormal heart rhythms
  [FDA Alert]
• van Heeswijk RP, Cohen Stuart JW, Burger DM, Beijnen JH, Borleffs JC, Hoetelmans RM. Long-term suppression of viral replication despite low plasma saquinavir concentrations in the CHEESE Study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;53:211-2.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• van Heeswijk RP, Veldkamp AI, Mulder JW, et al. Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. AIDS. 2000;14:F103-10.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Vanhove GF, Gries JM, Verotta D, et al. Exposure-response relationships for saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine in combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:2433-8.
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• von Hentig N, Babacan E, Staszewski S, Stürmer M, Doerr HW, Lötsch J. Predictive factors for response to a boosted dual HIV-protease inhibitor therapy with saquinavir and lopinavir in extensively pre-treated patients. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:1237-46.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Vrouenraets SM, Wit FW, Fernandez Garcia E, et al. Randomized comparison of metabolic and renal effects of saquinavir/r or atazanavir/r plus tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Med. 2011;12:620-31.
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• Walmsley S, Avihingsanon A, Slim J, et al. Gemini: a noninferiority study of saquinavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir as initial HIV-1 therapy in adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50:367-74.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Winston A, Mallon PW, Satchell C, et al. The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a switch in antiretroviral therapy to saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir alone for 48 weeks and a switch in the saquinavir formulation. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1475-83.
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