Lopinavir-Ritonavir (Kaletra)

All References

• Aboud M, Kaplan R, Lombaard J, et al. Dolutegravir versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir both with dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy in adults with HIV-1 infection in whom first-line therapy has failed (DAWNING): an open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3b trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:253-64.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Ananworanich J, Kosalaraksa P, Hill A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and 24-week efficacy/safety of dual boosted saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in nucleoside-pretreated children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:874-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Arribas JR, Delgado R, Arranz A, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy versus lopinavir-ritonavir and 2 nucleosides for maintenance therapy of HIV: 96-week analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:147-52.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Arribas JR, Girard PM, Landman R, et al. Dual treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine and a second nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression (OLE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:785-92.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Arribas JR, Pulido F, Delgado R, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir as single-drug therapy for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression: 48-week results of a randomized, controlled, open-label, proof-of-concept pilot clinical trial (OK Study). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40:280-7.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Avettand-Fenoel V, Flandre P, Chaix ML, et al. Impact of 48 week lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy on blood cell-associated HIV-1-DNA in the MONARK trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1005-7.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bates DE, Herman RJ. Carbamazepine toxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:1190-5.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bánhegyi D, Katlama C, da Cunha CA, et al. Week 96 efficacy, virology and safety of darunavir/r versus lopinavir/r in treatment-experienced patients in TITAN. Curr HIV Res. 2012;10:171-81.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Behrens G, Maserati R, Rieger A, et al. Switching to tenofovir/emtricitabine from abacavir/lamivudine in HIV-infected adults with raised cholesterol: effect on lipid profiles. Antivir Ther. 2012;17:1011-20.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Benson CA, Deeks SG, Brun SC, et al. Safety and antiviral activity at 48 weeks of lopinavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine and 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected protease inhibitor-experienced patients. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:599-607.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bhumbra NA, Sahloff EG, Oehrtman SJ, Horner JM. Exogenous Cushing syndrome with inhaled fluticasone in a child receiving lopinavir/ritonavir. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:1306-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bierman WF, van Agtmael MA, Nijhuis M, Danner SA, Boucher CA. HIV monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors: a systematic review. AIDS. 2009;23:279-91.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bongiovanni M, Bini T, Adorni F, et al. Virological success of lopinavir/ritonavir salvage regimen is affected by an increasing number of lopinavir/ritonavir-related mutations. Antivir Ther. 2003;8:209-14.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bongiovanni M, Cicconi P, Landonio S, et al. Predictive factors of lopinavir/ritonavir discontinuation for drug-related toxicity: results from a cohort of 416 multi-experienced HIV-infected individuals. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:88-91.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Boyd MA, Amin J, Mallon PW, et al. Body composition and metabolic outcomes after 96 weeks of treatment with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus either nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors or raltegravir in patients with HIV with virological failure of a standard first-line antiretroviral therapy regimen: a substudy of the randomised, open-label, non-inferiority SECOND-LINE study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e13-e20.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Bunupuradah T, van der Lugt J, Kosalaraksa P, et al. Safety and efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor combination, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, in pretreated children at 96 weeks. Antivir Ther. 2009;14:241-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Cahn P, Andrade-Villanueva J, Arribas JR, et al. Dual therapy with lopinavir and ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple therapy with lopinavir and ritonavir plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral-therapy-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48 week results of the randomised, open label, non-inferiority GARDEL trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:572-80.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Carr A, Ritzhaupt A, Zhang W, et al. Effects of boosted tipranavir and lopinavir on body composition, insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in antiretroviral-naive adults. AIDS. 2008;22:2313-21.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Chandwani A, Shuter J. Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4:1023-33.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Clarke S, Mulcahy F, Bergin C, Reynolds H, Boyle N, Barry M, Back DJ. Absence of opioid withdrawal symptoms in patients receiving methadone and the protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1143-5.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Cohen C, Nieto-Cisneros L, Zala C, et al. Comparison of atazanavir with lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with prior protease inhibitor failure: a randomized multinational trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1683-92.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Cooper DA, Cordery DV, Zajdenverg R, et al. Tipranavir/Ritonavir (500/200 mg and 500/100 mg) Was Virologically Non-Inferior to Lopinavir/Ritonavir (400/100 mg) at Week 48 in Treatment-Naïve HIV-1-Infected Patients: A Randomized, Multinational, Multicenter Trial. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0144917.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1 pregnant women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:484-94.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Crommentuyn KM, Mulder JW, Sparidans RW, Huitema ADR, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Drug-drug interaction between itraconazole and the antiretroviral drug lopinavir/ritonavir in an HIV1–infected patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:e73–5.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL. Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 2003;63:769-802.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• de Mendoza C, Garrido C, Corral A, Zahonero N, Soriano V. Prevalence and impact of HIV-1 protease mutation L76V on lopinavir resistance. AIDS. 2008;22:311-3.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• De Meyer S, Lathouwers E, Dierynck I, et al. Characterization of virologic failure patients on darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced patients. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1829-40.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Delaugerre C, Flandre P, Chaix ML, et al. Protease inhibitor resistance analysis in the MONARK trial comparing first-line lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy to lopinavir-ritonavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine triple therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2934-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Delfraissy JF, Flandre P, Delaugerre C, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy or plus zidovudine and lamivudine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2008;22:385-93.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Diaz-Brito V, León A, Knobel H, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: a clinical trial comparing lopinavir/ritonavir versus atazanavir each with zidovudine/lamivudine. Antivir Ther. 2012;17:337-46.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Dragsted UB, Gerstoft J, Youle M, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate lopinavir/ritonavir versus saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: the MaxCmin2 trial. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:735-43.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Echeverría P, Negredo E, Carosi G, et al. Similar antiviral efficacy and tolerability between efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered with abacavir/lamivudine (Kivexa), in antiretroviral-naïve patients: a 48-week, multicentre, randomized study (Lake Study). Antiviral Res. 2010;85:403-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Eron J Jr, Yeni P, Gathe J Jr, et al. The KLEAN study of fosamprenavir-ritonavir versus lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine, for initial treatment of HIV infection over 48 weeks: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006;368:476-82.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA, et al. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trials. Lancet 2010; 375:396-407.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA, et al. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;375:396-407.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Fischl MA, Collier AC, Mukherjee AL, et al. Randomized open-label trial of two simplified, class-sparing regimens following a first suppressive three or four-drug regimen. AIDS. 2007;21:325-33.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Flandre P, Delaugerre C, Ghosn J, et al. Prognostic factors for virological response in antiretroviral therapy-naive patients in the MONARK Trial randomized to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir alone. Antivir Ther. 2009;14:93-7.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Ghosn J, Flandre P, Cohen-Codar I, et al. Long-term (96-week) follow-up of antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients treated with first-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy in the MONARK trial. HIV Med. 2010;11:137-42.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Haubrich RH, Riddler SA, DiRienzo AG, et al. Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment. AIDS. 2009;23:1109-18.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Hicks C, King MS, Gulick RM, et al. Long-term safety and durable antiretroviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive patients: 4 year follow-up study. AIDS. 2004;18:775-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Hogeland GW, Swindells S, McNabb JC, Kashuba AD, Yee GC, Lindley CM. Lopinavir/ritonavir reduces bupropion plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:69-75.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Hulgan T, Haubrich R, Riddler SA, et al. European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and metabolic changes during antiretroviral therapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142. AIDS. 2011;25:37-47.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Johnson M, Grinsztejn B, Rodriguez C, et al. 96-week comparison of once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir and twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with multiple virologic failures. AIDS. 2006;20:711-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Johnson M, Grinsztejn B, Rodriguez C, et al. Atazanavir plus ritonavir or saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in patients experiencing multiple virological failures. AIDS. 2005;19:685-94.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Johnson MA, Gathe JC Jr, Podzamczer D, et al. A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen provides noninferior antiviral activity compared with a twice-daily regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:153-60.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kagan RM, Shenderovich MD, Heseltine PN, Ramnarayan K. Structural analysis of an HIV-1 protease I47A mutant resistant to the protease inhibitor lopinavir. Protein Sci. 2005;14:1870-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kaplan SS, Hicks CB. Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:1573-85.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kaplan SS, Hicks CB. Safety and antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:273-6.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kempf DJ, Isaacson JD, King MS, et al. Analysis of the virological response with respect to baseline viral phenotype and genotype in protease inhibitor-experienced HIV-1-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir therapy. Antivir Ther. 2002;7:165-74.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kempf DJ, Isaacson JD, King MS, et al. Identification of genotypic changes in human immunodeficiency virus protease that correlate with reduced susceptibility to the protease inhibitor lopinavir among viral isolates from protease inhibitor-experienced patients. J Virol. 2001;75:7462-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kempf DJ, King MS, Bernstein B, et al. Incidence of resistance in a double-blind study comparing lopinavir/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine to nelfinavir plus stavudine and lamivudine. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:51-60.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• King MS, Bernstein BM, Walmsley SL, et al. Baseline HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 cell count predict time to loss of virologic response to nelfinavir, but not lopinavir/ritonavir, in antiretroviral therapy-naive patients. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:280-4.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kiser JJ, Gerber JG, Predhomme JA, Wolfe P, Flynn DM, Hoody DW. Drug/Drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:570-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kolta S, Flandre P, Van PN, et al. Fat tissue distribution changes in HIV-infected patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. Results of the MONARK trial. Curr HIV Res. 2011;9:31-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Kosalaraksa P, Bunupuradah T, Engchanil C, et al. Double boosted protease inhibitors, saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir, in nucleoside pretreated children at 48 weeks. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:623-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• La Rosa AM, Harrison LJ, Taiwo B, et al. Raltegravir in second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings (SELECT): a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3:e247-58.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Lafeuillade A, Hittinger G, Philip G, Lambry V, Jolly P, Poggi C. Metabolic evaluation of HIV-infected patients receiving a regimen containing lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra). HIV Clin Trials. 2004;5:392-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Lataillade M, Chiarella J, Yang R, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of HIV drug resistance mutations by ultra-deep sequencing in antiretroviral-naïve subjects in the CASTLE study. PLoS One. 2010;5:e10952.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Lathouwers E, De Meyer S, Dierynck I, et al. Virological characterization of patients failing darunavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in the ARTEMIS study: 96-week analysis. Antivir Ther. 2011;16:99-108.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Leal L, León A, Torres B, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing ritonavir-boosted lopinavir versus maraviroc each with tenofovir plus emtricitabine for post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1982-6.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Leal L, León A, Torres B, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing ritonavir-boosted lopinavir versus raltegravir each with tenofovir plus emtricitabine for post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1987-93.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Madruga JV, Berger D, McMurchie M, et al. Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir compared with that of lopinavir-ritonavir at 48 weeks in treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients in TITAN: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet. 2007;370:49-58.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Mah Ming JB, Gill MJ. Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of clarithromycin, atorvastatin, and lopinavir/ritonavir in a patient with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17:207-10.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Malan N, Su J, Mancini M, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and quality of life in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: data from the CASTLE study. AIDS Care. 2010;22:677-86.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Mallolas J, Podzamczer D, Milinkovic A, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching from boosted lopinavir to boosted atazanavir in patients with virological suppression receiving a LPV/r-containing HAART: the ATAZIP study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:29-36.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• McCance-Katz EF, Rainey PM, Friedland G, Jatlow P. The protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir may produce opiate withdrawal in methadone-maintained patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:476-82.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• McDonald C, Uy J, Hu W, et al. Clinical significance of hyperbilirubinemia among HIV-1-infected patients treated with atazanavir/ritonavir through 96 weeks in the CASTLE study. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012;26:259-64.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Mills AM, Nelson M, Jayaweera D, et al. Once-daily darunavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week analysis. AIDS. 2009;23:1679-88.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Mirochnick M, Best BM, Stek AM, et al. Lopinavir exposure with an increased dose during pregnancy.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:485-91.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Mo H, King MS, King K, Molla A, Brun S, Kempf DJ. Selection of resistance in protease inhibitor-experienced, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects failing lopinavir- and ritonavir-based therapy: mutation patterns and baseline correlates. J Virol. 2005;79:3329-38.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53:323-32.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):646-55.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Moltó J, Santos JR, Negredo E, Miranda C, Videla S, Clotet B. Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy as a simplification strategy in routine clinical practice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60:436-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Moyle G, Hardy H, Uy J, et al. Changes in biomarkers in HIV-1-infected treatment-naive patients treated with tenofovir DF/emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir for 96 weeks: the CASTLE biomarker substudy. Antivir Ther. 2014;19:693-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Moyle GJ, Hardy H, Farajallah A, DeGrosky M, McGrath D. Comparison of body composition changes between atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir each in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection. Clin Drug Investig. 2014;34:287-96.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Moyle GJ, Hardy H, Farajallah A, McGrath SJ, Kaplita S, Ward D. Changes in bone mineral density after 96 weeks of treatment with atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir plus tenofovir DF/emtricitabine in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: the CASTLE body composition substudy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:40-5.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Murphy RL, Brun S, Hicks C, et al. ABT-378/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48-week results. AIDS. 2001;15:F1-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Oldfield V, Plosker GL. Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs. 2006;66:1275-99.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Orkin C, DeJesus E, Khanlou H, et al. Final 192-week efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve patients in the ARTEMIS trial. HIV Med. 2013;14:49-59.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Ortiz R, Dejesus E, Khanlou H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 48. AIDS. 2008;22:1389-97.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Palacios R, Vergara S, Rivero A, et al. Low incidence of severe liver events in HIV patients with and without hepatitis C or B coinfection receiving lopinavir/ritonavir. HIV Clin Trials. 2006;7:319-23.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Paulsen D, Liao Q, Fusco G, St Clair M, Shaefer M, Ross L. Genotypic and phenotypic cross-resistance patterns to lopinavir and amprenavir in protease inhibitor-experienced patients with HIV viremia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002;18:1011-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Pulido F, Arribas JR, Delgado R, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy versus lopinavir-ritonavir and two nucleosides for maintenance therapy of HIV. AIDS. 2008;22:F1-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Pulido F, Estrada V, Baril JG, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10:76-87.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Rabaud C, Burty C, Grandidier M, et al. Tolerability of postexposure prophylaxis with the combination of zidovudine-lamivudine and lopinavir-ritonavir for HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:303-5.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Reynes J, Lawal A, Pulido F, et al. Examination of noninferiority, safety, and tolerability of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/ emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve subjects: the progress study, 48-week results. HIV Clin Trials. 2011;12:255-67.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Reynes J, Trinh R, Pulido F, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive subjects: 96-week results of the PROGRESS study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29:256-65.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Riddler SA, Haubrich R, DiRienzo AG, et al. Class-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2095-106.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Robbins BL, Capparelli EV, Chadwick EG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose lopinavir-ritonavir with and without saquinavir or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric and adolescent patients previously treated with protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3276-83.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Rockwood N, Mandalia S, Bower M, Gazzard B, Nelson M.  Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir exposure is associated with an increased rate of renal stones compared with efavirenz, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir. AIDS. 2011;25:1671-3.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Rudin C, Burri M, Shen Y, Rode R, Nadal D. Long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:431-7.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Sáez-Llorens X, Violari A, Deetz CO, et al. Forty-eight-week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:216-24.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• SECOND-LINE Study Group, Boyd MA, Kumarasamy N, et al. Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus raltegravir for treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with virological failure of a standard first-line ART regimen (SECOND-LINE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2013;381:2091-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Shapiro RL, Hughes MD, Ogwu A, et al. Antiretroviral regimens in pregnancy and breast-feeding in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2282-94.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Shapiro RL, Kitch D, Ogwu A, et al. HIV transmission and 24-month survival in a randomized trial of HAART to prevent MTCT during pregnancy and breastfeeding in Botswana. AIDS. 2013;27:1911-20.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Sheehan NL, Brouillette MJ, Delisle MS, Allan J. Possible interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and valproic acid exacerbates bipolar disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:147-50.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Sherman KE, Shire NJ, Cernohous P, et al. Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1186-95.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Shuter J, Sarlo JA, Kanmaz TJ, Rode RA, Zingman BS. HIV-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy achieve high rates of virologic suppression despite adherence rates less than 95%. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:4-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Smith KY, Patel P, Fine D, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-matched, multicenter trial of abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir for initial HIV treatment. AIDS. 2009;23:1547-56.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Spire B, Marcellin F, Cohen-Codar I, et al. Effect of lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy on quality of life and self-reported symptoms among antiretroviral-naive patients: results of the MONARK trial. Antivir Ther. 2008;13:591-9.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Sprinz E, Bay MB, Lazzaretti RK, Jeffman MW, Mattevi VS. Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy as maintenance treatment in HIV-infected individuals with virological suppression: results from a pilot study in Brazil. HIV Med. 2008;9:270-6.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Squires KE, Johnson M, Yang R, et al. Comparative gender analysis of the efficacy and safety of atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir at 96 weeks in the CASTLE study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:363-70.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Stevens RC, Rapaport S, Maroldo-Connelly L, Patterson JB, Bertz R. Lack of methadone dose alterations or withdrawal symptoms during therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:650-1.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Taburet AM, Raguin G, Le Tiec C, et al. Interactions between amprenavir and the lopinavir-ritonavir combination in heavily pretreated patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75:310-23.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Tebas P, Zhang J, Yarasheski K, et al. Switching to a protease inhibitor-containing, nucleoside-sparing regimen (lopinavir/ritonavir plus efavirenz) increases limb fat but raises serum lipid levels: results of a prospective randomized trial (AIDS clinical trial group 5125s). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:193-200.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Tran TA, Ghosn J, Avettand-Fenoël V, et al. Residual HIV-1 replication may impact immune recovery in patients on first-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2627-31.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• van der Lee MJ, Dawood L, ter Hofstede HJ, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir reduces lamotrigine plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80:159-68.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• von Hentig N, Babacan E, Staszewski S, Stürmer M, Doerr HW, Lötsch J. Predictive factors for response to a boosted dual HIV-protease inhibitor therapy with saquinavir and lopinavir in extensively pre-treated patients. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:1237-46.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Walmsley S, Avihingsanon A, Slim J, et al. Gemini: a noninferiority study of saquinavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir as initial HIV-1 therapy in adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50:367-74.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:2039-46.
  [PubMed Abstract]
• Zhu L, Liao S, Child M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and inhibitory quotient of atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients who participated in the CASTLE Study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:465-8.
  [PubMed Abstract]