Question 6 - Substance Use Disorders Question Bank

Basic HIV Primary Care.

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Substance Use DisordersQuestion 6/10

A 62-year-old cisgender man with HIV recently had a visit to the emergency room for evaluation of chest pain. He had a follow-up outpatient stress test that was limited due to poor exercise tolerance. For approximately 30 years, he has smoked about one pack of cigarettes per day. For the first time, he is serious about quitting smoking.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding smoking cessation?

Higher rates of smoking abstinence occur with nicotine replacement therapy than with varenicline

Higher rates of smoking abstinence occur with bupropion than varenicline

Combining two types of nicotine replacement products is associated with higher rates of smoking abstinence than use of a single nicotine replacement product

Use of varenicline without nicotine replacement therapy does not impact rates of smoking abstinence

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Question Last Updated
October 1st, 2023

Table 1. **U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)**

Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions
Population	Recommendation	Grade
Adults who are not pregnant	The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all adults about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapy for cessation to adults who use tobacco.	A
Pregnant women	The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all pregnant women about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions for cessation to pregnant women who use tobacco.	A
Pregnant women	The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in pregnant women.	I
All adults, including pregnant women	The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to recommend electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians direct patients who smoke tobacco to other cessation interventions with established effectiveness and safety (previously stated).	I

Source:

Siu AL. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:622-34. [PubMed Abstract]

Table 2. **2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment.**

FDA-Approved Recommended Medications for Tobacco Cessation Treatment*
Drug (doses)	How Sold (U.S.)	Dosing Instructions	Administration	Common Side Effects	Advantages	Disadvantages
Nicotine patch 21 mg 14 mg 7 mg	OTC or Rx	Starting dose: 21 mg for ≥10 cigarettes per day. 14 mg for <10 cigarettes per day. After 6 weeks, option to taper to lower doses for 2-6 weeks. Use ≥3 months. After 6 weeks, continue original dose or taper to lower doses (either option acceptable).	Apply a new patch each morning to dry skin. Rotate application site to avoid skin irritation. May start patch before or on quit date. Keep using even if a slip occurs. If insomnia or disturbing dreams, remove patch at bedtime.	Skin irritation Trouble sleeping Vivid dreams (patch can be removed at bedtime to manage insomnia or vivid dreams)	The easiest nicotine product to use. Provides a steady nicotine level. Combination NRT therapy: as needed, can add gum, lozenge, inhaler, or nasal spray to patch to cover situational cravings.	User cannot alter dose if cravings occur during the day.
Nicotine lozenge 4 mg 2 mg	OTC or Rx	If first cigarette is ≤30 minutes of waking: 4 mg. If first cigarette is >30 minutes of waking: 2 mg. Use ≥3 months.	Place between gum and cheek, let it melt slowly. Use 1 piece every 1-2 hours (Max: 20/day).	Mouth irritation Hiccups Heartburn Nausea	User controls nicotine dose. Oral substitute for cigarettes. May be added to patch to cover situational cravings. Easier to use than gum for those with dental work or dentures.	No food or drink 15 minutes prior to use and during use.
Nicotine gum 4 mg 2 mg	OTC or Rx	If first cigarette is ≤30 minutes of waking: 4 mg. If first cigarette is >30 minutes of waking: 2 mg. Use ≥3 months.	Chew briefly until mouth tingles, then ‘park’ gum inside cheek until tingle fades. Repeat chew-and-park each time tingle fades. Discard gum after 30 minutes of use. Use ~ 1 piece per hour (Max: 24/day).	Mouth irritation Jaw soreness Heartburn Hiccups Nausea	User controls nicotine dose. Oral substitute for cigarettes. May be added to patch to cover situational cravings.	Not chewed in same way as regular gum; requires careful instruction. Can damage dental work and be difficult to use with dentures. No food or drink 15 minutes prior to use and during use.
Nicotine inhaler 10-mg cartridge	Rx only	10 mg/cartridge. Each cartridge has ~80 puffs. Use ≥3 months.	Puff into mouth/throat until cravings subside. Do not inhale into lungs. Change cartridge when nicotine taste disappears. Use 1 cartridge every 1-2 hours (Max: 16/day).	Mouth and throat irritation Coughing if inhaled too deeply	User controls nicotine dose. Mimics hand-to-mouth ritual of smoking cigarettes. May be added to patch to cover situational cravings.	Frequent puffing required.
Nicotine nasal spray 10 mg/mL (10 mL bottle)	Rx only	10 mg/mL. 0.5 mg per spray. Each bottle has ~200 sprays. Use ≥3 months.	Use 1 spray to each nostril. Use spray every 1-2 hours (Max: 80/day).	Nasal and throat irritation Rhinitis Sneezing Coughing Tearing	User controls nicotine dose. Most rapid delivery of nicotine among all NRT products. May be added to patch to cover situational cravings.	Has the most side effects of all NRT products. Some users cannot tolerate local irritation to nasal mucosa.
Varenicline (tablet) 0.5 mg 1.0 mg	Rx only	Days 1-3: 0.5 mg/day. Days 4-7: 0.5 mg twice a day. Day 8+: 1 mg twice a day. Use 3-6 months.	Start 1-4 weeks before quit date. Take with food and a tall glass of water to minimize nausea.	Nausea Insomnia Vivid dreams Headache	Quit date can be flexible, from 1 week to 3 months after starting drug. Dual action: relieves nicotine withdrawal and blocks reward of smoking. Oral agent (pill).	Because of previous FDA warning (now removed), many patients fear psychiatric adverse events, even though they are no more common than with other cessation medications.
Bupropion sustained release (SR) (tablet) 150 mg	Rx only	150 mg/day for 3 days, then 150 mg twice a day. Use 3-6 months.	Start 1-2 weeks before quit date.	Insomnia Agitation Dry mouth Headache	May lessen post-cessation weight gain while drug is being taken. Oral agent (pill).	Increases seizure risk: not for use if seizure disorder or binge drinking.
* All are FDA-approved as smoking cessation aids and listed as a first-line medication by U.S. Clinical Practice Guidelines (Fiore, 2008) + Recommended duration of use for medications is at least 3 months but extending dose to 6 months is frequently done to prevent relapse to tobacco use. Patching dosing differs slightly from FDA labeling. Abbreviations: FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration; NRT = nicotine replacement therapy; OTC = over the counter (no prescription required); Rx = prescription required.

Source:

Barua RS, Rigotti NA, Benowitz NL, et al. 2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Tobacco Cessation Treatment: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3332-65. [PubMed Abstract]

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Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding smoking cessation?

Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions

A

A

I

I

FDA-Approved Recommended Medications for Tobacco Cessation Treatment*

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